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② 融资英文文献
融资英文文献（6000字左右 ） 作者：Justin.Athur.winner。 Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank
July,2007 by Stephen Bush
Commercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established instries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank”.
There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower’s particular instry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank”.
As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs
Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank” and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Commercial Mortgage Loans
Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank”. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Credit Card Processing Programs
The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant’s credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card processing.
A closing commercial financing thought: I have written an earlier commercial financing article about commercial lenders to avoid. It should be noted that there are in fact both traditional and non-traditional (non-bank) lenders which should be avoided. So when commercial borrowers Think Outside the Bank”, it is still of critical importance that they are prepared to avoid a wide variety of problematic non-traditional commercial lenders in their search for viable commercial financing, especially when it involves business cash advance (credit card receivables and credit card factoring) programs, credit card processing services and commercial real estate financing.
商业融资解决方案-比如银行外
2007年7月由Stephen布什
商业融资的借款人可能会认为，传统的银行是他们的最佳来源的商业融资。然而，由于大多数传统银行侧重于少数设立工业，非传统（非银行）和非本地商业银行应考虑大多数商业融资的情况。因此，建议商业融资战略（如本文中讨论）是跳出本行“ 。
有几个商业融资情况下，商业借款人常常发现，非传统的商业银行将能够更好地提供的条件更有利的商业借款人： （ 1 ）商业透支现金和信用卡保理业务程序; （ 2 ）商业按揭贷款;和（ 3 ）信用卡处理程序。在某些情况下，传统的银行将提供商业融资，但附加条件过于严格和盟约。在其他情况下，传统的银行将下降彻底的商业融资，这可能是因为他们甚至不提供商业融资，商业借款人的特定行业。在这两种情况下，商业借款人可能会受益于银行外思考“ 。
正如我在较早的商业融资的文章，在许多非竞争企业融资情况下，它并没有什么不寻常的地方传统的银行实行更加严厉的商业融资条件比通常被视为在一个更具竞争力的企业融资市场。这种传统的银行通常利用相对缺乏其他商业银行在其当地市场。作出适当的反应是由商业借款人寻求非银行的商业融资方案。这是既无必要，也明智的商业借款取决于只有在当地传统的商业银行融资解决方案。对于大多数商业融资的情况下，非本地和非银行的商业银行有可能提供更好的企业融资条件，因为他们所熟悉的竞争积极与其他商业银行。
商业融资比如-比如银行外
企业现金和信用卡应收帐款程序
大多数企业认为接受信用卡将在其业务资格的商业现金透支的信用卡应收款。传统的银行通常会是非常贫穷的候选人，以考虑是否需要援助业务与保理业务和信用卡业务现金垫款。因为即使是蓬勃发展的企业往往需要更多的现金，他们可以比银行贷款，它可以是极其重要的商业银行外的思考“ ，并找到非传统的贷款，以协助这个商业融资的需要。
商业融资两名-比如银行外
商业按揭贷款
两个最常见的商业融资遇到困难的商业贷款，可避免如果他们认为银行外“ 。第一商业融资情况是普遍存在的做法，传统的银行，以避免最特殊用途性质（如殡仪馆和教堂） 。第二商业融资的情况是典型的做法，大多数商业银行的重视气球和/或召回规定的商业贷款（这意味着银行可以要求提前偿还的商业贷款不同条件下） 。这两种不良商业融资的情况，通常可以很容易地避免和审议了非传统和非银行贷款。
商业融资例3 -比如银行外
信用卡处理程序
选择一个适当的信用卡处理服务，可有助于改善企业的盈利与大量的信用卡活动。分析信用卡处理供应商，才能有效地结合信用卡保理业务和信用卡应收款上述进程。在评估企业现金透支程序时，它常常是有可能同时安排大大提高商家的信用卡处理程序。由于传统的银行通常是没有竞争力，在提供援助信用卡保理业务中，也同样可能是一个非传统的贷款将是主要来源的有效和有竞争力的帮助，信用卡处理。
闭幕商业融资认为：我已经写的早期商业融资文章商业银行，以避免。应当指出的是，事实上，传统和非传统（非银行）贷款，应加以避免。因此，当借款人跳出商业银行“ ，它仍然是至关重要的，它们准备，以避免各种问题的非传统的商业银行在寻求可行的商业融资，尤其是当它涉及业务现金透支（信用卡应收款和信用卡保理）程序，信用卡处理服务和商业房地产融资。
③ 有谁知道股票融资相关的英文文章
网上系统里查,
④ 急求有关中小企业融资方面的英文文献及翻译，英文实词在3000字以上。。。
Small and medium-sized enterprises play an important role in the development of county economy and social progress. At present the county small and medium-sized enterprise in our city, the vast majority of private enterprises or joint-stock enterprises, their development is rapid, employment, market expansion ability to live, in the promotion of economic growth, promote new rural construction, deepening social specialization of proction and so on, is playing an indispensable positive role, has become an important part of county economy. At present, the small and medium-sized enterprise in development also faces many difficulties and problems, such as the policy environment is not perfect, entrepreneurial threshold is high, market access and exit mechanism is not perfect, the social service system lags behind, to encourage and support small and medium-sized enterprise policy is still a lack of appropriate supporting measures and so on, of which, the financing is one of the most restricts the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.
At present, the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises, mainly displays in: the financial market is not perfect, according to the characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises financing, the financing channel is narrow; ② because the small and medium-sized enterprise credit rating is low, the lack of collateral assets, financing costs are relatively high, it is difficult to obtain financial institutions funding support; the lagging construction of the service system for small and medium-sized enterprises, especially the credit system is relatively weak, credit guarantee institutions commercialization degree is low; the objective benefits of financial services to small and medium enterprises is relatively poor, the impact of the financial institutions to small and medium enterprises service proct development, institutional arrangement of banks and the financing needs of SMEs do not match; 5. Quite a number of technological innovation in small and medium enterprises is not active enough, the low level of management, credit consciousness is weak, enterprise system construction lags behind the pace of enterprise development, and so on, all make SMEs face into long puzzled.
Causes of the difficult financing of small and medium-sized enterprises are in many aspects, both institutional obstacles, and the service is not in place; both for historical reasons, and practical effect; both factors of external environment is not easy, and small and medium-sized enterprises development issues. Therefore, to solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises, must be multi-pronged, strengthen guidance, improve service, integrated propulsion.
First, deepen reform, establish and improve the promotion of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises financial system
With the development of market economy, the role of SMEs in the economic and social development in the increasingly prominent. Compared with the city, large enterprises, small and medium enterprises in the capital, information, personnel, technology, management and many aspects of disadvantage. Through deepening the reform of the financial system, accelerate the establishment of the small and medium-sized enterprise especially financial support system of small and medium-sized enterprises of the county, the active support of state-owned commercial banks from the instry access, risk control, compensation mechanism, credit orientation, network layout and so on, is inclined to the county small and medium-sized enterprises, to help SMEs to expand financing channels. After more than ten years of financial system reform, China has initially established a modern financial system of pluralism, however in the four major state-owned commercial banks as the core of the financial system, the service mainly for large state-owned enterprises, the small and medium-sized enterprise credit is only the "sideline". Relying on the big banks to solve the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises mode means the financing costs and high cost in theory, thus suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises limited. Therefore, from a long-term point of view, it is necessary to set up special SME credit bank, dedicated to provide credit services for small and medium-sized enterprises. The establishment of specialized SME credit mechanism, ways are possible is to create special SME bank restructuring in the city commercial banks, urban and rural credit cooperatives and other regional banks basis, give full play to its "based on the local, local service, characteristic service" advantage, financing to provide credit support to small and medium-sized enterprises. At present, the city commercial banks and credit cooperatives development strategy and the convergence of state-owned commercial banks, market positioning fuzzy, strongly and state-owned commercial banks compete for the big city, big corporate customers. From its own management ability and market segmentation perspective, city commercial banks and credit cooperatives should adjust development strategy, small and medium-sized enterprises as the main target market, considering the characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprise loan hidden costs high, countries should strengthen guidance, given appropriate subsidies, mobilize the enthusiasm of the small and medium-sized enterprise credit mechanism. At the same time, through the reform of public finance system, and further to support the small and medium-sized enterprise development, as an important task of the construction of public finance, establish and perfect the tax, including funds, financing a series of policies and measures to support, increase support for small and medium-sized enterprise funds, alleviate the financing difficulties of smes.
Two, as the initiative, improve the level of financial services to small and medium-sized enterprises
At present, small and medium-sized enterprises in market access, the choice of instry, instry standards, proct quality, legal protection, financial support and social services in all aspects of the increasingly high demand, more and more urgent, which put forward higher requirements for the development of services for small and medium-sized enterprises. The bank as the main channel for external financing of small and medium-sized enterprises in China, need to pay attention to the small and medium-sized enterprise financing in the current reform of state-owned banks. The state-owned commercial banks must be the idea innovation. We should dialectically treat the relationship between big, in, small business loans, truly code of conct to benefit as the center, step out to firm size, ownership form as a misunderstanding of loan basis. To the small and medium-sized enterprise reasonable demand for capital should make no exception, graally increase the proportion of small and medium-sized enterprises credit support. In accordance with the national instrial policy to determine the loans to small and medium enterprises to properly delegated approval authority, the small and medium-sized enterprise liquidity loans, revised enterprises credit rating standards, the establishment of small and medium-sized enterprise loan
⑤ 求2篇有关融资融券的英文文献，要文章标题，作者，时间，正文
The market for borrowing stock
Gene D’Avolio
Graate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, Morgan 480, Soldiers Field Boston,
MA 02163, USA
Received 12 June 2001; accepted 21 March 2002
⑥ 求一篇与中小企业融资有关的英文原文，并翻译成中文，要求翻译成中文后有3000字以上。本科毕业论文用，急！
Abstract: SMEs in a country's economy to play the role of irreplaceability, but its further development is restricted by many factors, the most prominent of these factors in the performance of the financing it has become difficult to control the development of the "bottleneck" , In order to solve the problem of financing, we must first of the status of financing, the paper tried to SMEs on their own status, financing environment, the major difficulties facing such areas to explore, from improving the financing of SMEs in China's laws and regulations, the state-owned Commercial banking reform, the establishment of specialized credit institutions, and other aspects of small and medium enterprises on China's SME financing problems for discussion.
⑦ 求 关于 融资 方面的国外论文参考文献三个，必须是英文的，题目-作者-年份。
33.MAHE L P．Environment and Quality Standards in WTO New Protectionism in Agricultural Trade A European Perspective[R]．
Edinburgh：Eight Annua1．Congress of European Agricultural Economists， 1996：36～42
34.LIDDLE B．Free trade and the environment—development system[J]．Ecol Econ，2001，39：21～36
⑧ 求一篇3000字左右的关于融资方面的英文文章
Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank
July,2007 by Stephen Bush
Commercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established instries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank”.
There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower’s particular instry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank”.
As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs
Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank” and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Commercial Mortgage Loans
Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank”. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Credit Card Processing Programs
The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant’s credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card processing.
A closing commercial financing thought: I have written an earlier commercial financing article about commercial lenders to avoid. It should be noted that there are in fact both traditional and non-traditional (non-bank) lenders which should be avoided. So when commercial borrowers Think Outside the Bank”, it is still of critical importance that they are prepared to avoid a wide variety of problematic non-traditional commercial lenders in their search for viable commercial financing, especially when it involves business cash advance (credit card receivables and credit card factoring) programs, credit card processing services and commercial real estate financing.
⑨ 需要融资结构的一篇英文文献，谢谢了
等等