当前位置:首页 » 融资模式 » 我国中小企业融资问题研究英文
扩展阅读
股票投资经济学 2021-06-17 16:24:20

我国中小企业融资问题研究英文

发布时间: 2021-05-23 23:59:48

⑴ 我国中小企业融资问题研究

一、背景简介
随着我国国有企业改革的不断深入与非国有经济部门的蓬勃发展,中小企业在经济运行中所发挥的巨大作用日益显现。在经济转型背景下,由于金融体制、机制和政策、社会信用体系等诸多方面因素的制约,中小企业的发展客观上存在许多其自身难以克服的经济、制度以及法律等方面的矛盾和问题。在这些难题中,中小企业融资难问题作为一个普遍性的难题,更是首当其冲。融资困难已经成为制约我国中小企业发展的主要“瓶颈”。如果这个问题无法得到解决,将严重制约中小企业乃至国民经济的发展。
二、中小企业发展阶段
中小企业是指经营规模中等以及中等以下的企业,是相对于大企业而言的。目前,世界上一些国家和地区对中小企业的界定尚没有一个统一的标准。企业融资是以企业为资金融入者(即企业是资金融入主体)的融资活动,它是指企业从自身生产经营现状及资金运用情况出发,根据企业未来经营与发展策略的要求,通过一定的渠道和方式,利用内部积累或向企业的投资者及债权人筹集生产经营所需资金的一种经济活动。
任何一个企业从提出构想到企业创立、发展、成熟,存在一个成长的生命周期,一般分为种子期、创建期、生存期、扩张期、成熟期。不同发展阶段的企业对融资的要求不同,不同阶段所需的资金有不同的特点。
(一)种子期的融资特点。在这个时期,创业者需要投入相当数量的资金进行研究开发,或者对自己的创意进行测试或验证。因此,种子期所需的资金并不多,投资主要用于新技术或新产品的开发、测试。
(二)创建期的融资特点。创建期的企业需要着手筹建公司,把研制的产品投入试生产,因此需要一定数量的“门槛资金”。只靠创业者的资金往往是不能支持这些活动的,并且由于没有过去的经营记录和信用记录,从银行申请贷款的可能性也甚小。因此,这一阶段的融资重点是创业者需要向新的投资者或机构进行权益融资。
(三)生存期的融资特点。生存期的企业需要大力开拓市场,推销产品,因此需要大量资金。由于股权结构在公司成立时已确定,再想利用权益融资一般不易操作,因此,此阶段的融资重点是充分利用负债融资。
(四)扩展期的融资特点。进入扩展期后,企业的生存问题已基本解决,企业拥有较为稳定的顾客和供应商以及比较好的信用记录,取得银行贷款或利用信用融资相对比较容易。但企业发展非常迅速,原有资产规模已不能满足需要。为此,企业必须增资扩股,注入大量新的资本金。
(五)成熟期的融资特点。在成熟期,企业已有自己比较稳定的现金流,对外部资金需求不像前面的阶段那么迫切。成熟期的工作重点是完成企业上市的工作。
三、中小企业融资难原因分析
(一)内部积累少。主要指中小企业缺乏内部积累能力,内源融资不足。随着我国中小企业的不断成长、改革的推进及其内部分配体制的调整,企业可支配的财力逐渐增大,但真正用于生产发展的却很少。企业在利润分配中普遍存在着“重消费、轻积累”的短期化倾向,缺乏长期经营思想,自身积累意识淡薄,很少从企业发展角度自留资金来补充经营资金之不足。
(二)内部制度不规范。在种子期、创建期、生存期,大多数中小企业的内部制度还不完善。初建时还没有管理经验,在外界产生的影响不足以很容易地得到资金。种子期企业就需要投入资金购买材料,在企业管理制度方面,需要一套合理的财务制度。在融资方面,企业缺乏正式的企业规划和融资规划,缺乏对企业自身的了解,过分追求短期目标,很少考虑企业的长期发展战略。即便银行或其他金融机构对企业的项目感兴趣,当问及企业产品、市场、未来计划等问题时,难以提供出一份真实描述企业的文件,不能给投资者提供一份好的资金使用计划,影响了企业的融资能力。
(三)初建期资信度不高。在创立和发展期,我国中小企业在信用方面存在很大问题。由于企业刚建不久,资金不充裕,在各方面也缺少经验。初建期,中小企业固定资产少,流动资产变化快,无形资产难以量化,经营规模小,流动资金少,难以形成较大的、稳定的现金流量,因而在需要融资以补充流动资金时,相关部门不得不怀疑其到期的偿债能力。这是导致银行难以放贷的主要原因之一,也很容易导致银企间较高的信息不对称,增加了企业的融资成本和银行授信成本。
(四)金融体系方面。随着改革的深入,银行对基层分支机构的信贷审批权集中到上级审批,部分银行甚至收到了一级分行。这样一来,中小企业在向银行申请贷款时,往往会受到一些阻碍。例如,在提出申请贷款到真正拿到贷款的时间加长,各项审批严格了,审批时间也变长了。同时,审批否决率大幅提高,使得企业都不愿意费尽周折去申请无结果的贷款,因而也无法激励管理者、信贷人员去开拓信贷市场,同时许多商业银行规定信贷员“谁贷款,谁负责”,即谁贷的款由谁负责催收,不能清收的由信贷员负责,对于按时收回本息和多发放有效贷款缺少奖励措施,而对出现的呆账、坏账对信贷员惩罚。由于内部激励机制的不完善,银行信贷管理人员为避免承担责任,基本放弃了那些风险大但有更高收益预期的项目,从而进一步限制了中小企业的贷款。
(五)政府方面。近年来,国家宏观经济政策实行“抓大放小”,商业银行实行“双优”、“双大”信贷战略,即集中有限资金,优先支持优势产业、优质客户和大企业、大项目,而对中小企业却没有具体的政策支持。虽然有《中小企业促进法》但也只是一个大的框架,没有具体扶持我国中小企业的优惠措施。国有大中型企业可以享受挂账停息、呆账准备等优惠政策,同时大企业资金周转困难政府也会出面与银行进行调解和协商,而中小企业则无法享受同等待遇。
可以说,政府的政策和制度是中小企业生存的土壤,是中小企业发展壮大的重要影响因素。造成中小企业融资难的一个重要原因就是中小企业融资缺乏法律的支持和保护,从政府的角度来讲,促进中小企业的发展,立法是最为关键和重要的。信用法制不健全使一些地方政府、部门和企业的经济行为缺乏刚性约束。针对中小企业,没有健全的信用担保体系的法律、法规,失信者认为有空可钻、有利可图,利益驱动又导致中小企业信用机制日益弱化,由失信走向无信,使守信者机会成本更高。
(六)市场信用担保体系方面。由于种种原因,中小企业自身风险相对较高,沿用一般的信用评价体系,中小企业多为贷款风险较大的对象,而其贷款笔数多、金额小,银行很难针对其特点设计符合其要求的贷款。而规范的中介服务机构例如专门的信用担保机构,为中小企业向金融机构提供专门化的信用保证,一方面可降低银行贷款风险,一方面中小企业也可及时获得所需资金。而我国这样的中介机构严重不足,我国为中小企业担保的中介机构刚刚起步,且分布零散,没有形成体系,大多数担保服务机构规模较小、资金实力不强,无法发挥降低风险和转移风险的作用。

⑵ 中英文对照关于中小企业融资问题与对策的外国文献

中小企业是与所处行业的大企业相比人员规模、资产规模与经营规模都比较小的经济单位。
不同国家、不同经济发展的阶段、不同行业对其界定的标准不尽相同,且随着经济的发展而动态变化。各国一般从质和量两个方面对中小企业进行定义,质的指标主要包括企业的组织形式、融资方式及所处行业地位等,量的指标则主要包括雇员人数、实收资本、资产总值等。量的指标较质的指标更为直观,数据选取容易,大多数国家都以量的标准进行划分,如美国国会2001年出台的《美国小企业法》对中小企业的界定标准为雇员人数不超过500人,英国、欧盟等在采取量的指标的同时,也以质的指标作为辅助。
世界各国和地区中小企业划分标准:
美国:雇员人数不超过500人
英国:质的规定:市场份额较小;所有者亲自管理;企业独立经营。
量的指标:小制造业:从业人员在200人以下
小建筑业、矿业:从业人员在25人以下
小零售业:年销售收入在18.5万英镑以下
小批发业:年销售收入在73万英镑以下
欧盟:雇员人数在250人以下且年产值不超过4000万埃居、或者资占年度负债总额不超过2700万埃居、且不被一个或几个大企业持有25%以上的股权。其中:雇员少于50人、年产值不超过700万埃居,或者资产年度负债总额不超过500万埃居,并且有独立法人地位的企业。
日本:制造业:从业人员300人以下或资本额3亿日元以下
批发业:从业人员100人以下或资本额1亿日元以下
零售业:从业人员50人以下或资本额5000万日元以下
服务业:从业人员100人以下或资本额5000万日元以下
我国目前对中小企业的划分标准为2003年国家经贸委、国家计委、财政部、国家统计局研究制订的《中小企业标准暂行规定》,国家统计部门据此制订大中小型企业的统计分类。
我国中小企业最新划分标准
根据第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十八次会议于2002年6月29日通过的《中华人民共和国中小企业促进法》的精神,原国家家经济贸易委员会、原国家发展计划委员会、财政部、国家统计局于2003年2月19日发布了《关于印发中小企业标准暂行规定的通知》(国经贸中小企〔2003〕143号),对主要行业的中小企业的标准作出了明确的界定。该标准是根据企业职工人数、销售额、资产总额等指标,结合行业特点制定的。按照《通知》的规定,不同行业的中小企业应该按照以下标准认定:
工业,中小型企业须符合以下条件:职工人数2000 人以下,或销售额30000 万元以下,或资产总额为40000 万元以下。其中,中型企业须同时满足职工人数300 人及以上,销售额3000 万元及以上,资产总额4000 万元及以上;其余为小型企业。
建筑业,中小型企业须符合以下条件:职工人数3000 人以下,或销售额30000 万元以下,或资产总额40000 万元以下。其中,中型企业须同时满足职工人数600 人及以上,销售额3000 万元及以上,资产总额4000 万元及以上;其余为小型企业。
批发和零售业,零售业中小型企业须符合以下条件:职工人500 人以下,或销售额15000 万元以下。其中,中型企业须同时满足职工人数100 人及以上,销售额1000 万元及以上;其余为小型企业。
批发业中小型企业须符合以下条件:职工人数200 人以下,或销售额30000 万元以下。其中,中型企业须同时满足职工人数100 人及以上,销售额3000 万元及以上;其余为小型企业。
交通运输和邮政业,交通运输业中小型企业须符合以下条件:职工人数3000 人以下,或销售额30000 万元以下。其中,中型企业须同时满足职工人数500 人及以上,销售额3000 万元及以上;其余为小型企业。邮政业中小型企业须符合以下条件:职工人数1000 人以下,或销售额30000 万元以下。其中,中型企业须同时满足职工人数400 人及以上,销售额3000 万元及以上;其余为小型企业。
不同国家、不同经济发展的阶段、不同行业对其界定的标准不尽相同,且随着经济的发展而动态变化。各国一般从质和量两个方面对中小企业进行定义,质的指标主要包括企业的组织形式、融资方式及所处行业地位等,量的指标则主要包括雇员人数、实收资本、资产总值等。量的指标较质的指标更为直观,数据选取容易,大多数国家都以量的标准进行划分,如美国国会2001年出台的《美国小企业法》对中小企业的界定标准为雇员人数不超过500人,英国、欧盟等在采取量的指标的同时,也以质的指标作为辅助。
住宿和餐饮业,中小型企业须符合以下条件:职工人数800 人以下,或销售额15000 万元以下。其中,中型企业须同时满足职工人数400 人及以上,销售额3000 万元及以上;其余为小型企业。
“职工人数”以现行统计制度中的年末从业人员数代替;“工业企业的销售额”以现行统计制度中的年产品销售收入代替;“建筑业企业的销售额会计科目”以现行统计制度中的年工程结算收入代替;“批发和零售业的销售额” 以现行统计制度中的年销售额代替;“交通运输和邮政业,住宿和餐饮业企业的销售额”以现行统计制度中的年营业收入代替;“资
产总额” 以现行统计制度中的资产合计代替。规定适用于在中华人民共和国境内依法设立的各类所有制和各种组织形式的企
业,职工人数800 人以下。企业是与所处行业的大企业相比人员规模、资产规模与经营规模都比较小的经济单位。
中小企业财务困境的现状或者表现
随着招商引资力度进一步加大和民营经济的迅猛发展,中小企业如雨后春笋般不断涌现,2003年海安国税新增纳税人1842户,比上年同期增长47 %.2004年县政府下达民营企业发展目标,要求新发展个体私营企业 9250户。不断增加的中小企业一方面增加了税源,另一方面也对基层税收管理带来很大的挑战。最近,在进行纳税评估、一般纳税人复检等工作时事,对中小企业的财务状况进行抽样调查,其结果不尽如意,提高中小企业财务核算水平、加强财务管理已刻不容缓。 Which are small and medium-sized instries and large enterprises compared to staff size, asset size and management are relatively small economic units.
Different countries and different economic development stages, in different sectors to define their standards vary, and with the economic development and dynamic change. States generally qualitative and quantitative aspects of the definition of SMEs, the main qualitative indicators, including business forms of organization, financing methods and the status of where the instry, the volume indicators are mainly the number of employees, paid-up capital, total assets and so on. Volume of more qualitative indicators of indicators more intuitive, easy data selection, the majority of countries have divided the volume of standards, such as the U.S. Congress in 2001 introced the "United States Small Business Act" for SMEs to define standards for the number of employees does not exceed 500 people, the United Kingdom, the European Union, taking the volume of indicators, but also to qualitative indicators as a supplement.
Small and medium-sized countries in the world and regional criteria for the classification:
United States: the number of employees not more than 500 people
Britain: a qualitative states: smaller market share; owners personally management; enterprises operating independently.
Volume indicators: a small manufacturing: 200 people employed in the following
Small construction, mining: 25 people employed in the following
Small retail: Sales revenue was £ 185,000 in the following
Small wholesale instry: Sales revenue was £ 730,000 in the following
EU: the number of employees in the following 250 people and an annual output value is not more than 40 million ECU, or the annual funding total liabilities are not accounted for more than 27 million ECU, and do not be one or a few large companies holding more than 25% stake. One of: less than 50 employees, annual output value of not more than 7 million ECU or an annual total liabilities assets not more than five million ECU, and have independent legal status of enterprises.
Japan: Manufacturing: 300 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 300,000,000
Wholesale instry: 100 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 100,000,000 following
Retail: 50 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 50,000,000
Services: 100 employees or capital below the amount of ¥ 50,000,000 following
China's current criteria for the classification of small and medium enterprises for the 2003 National Economic and Trade Commission, the State Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance, National Bureau of Statistics to study the formulation of the "Provisional Regulations on small and medium-sized standards," which national statistical offices to develop the statistical classification of small, medium and large enterprises.
China's latest criteria for the classification of small and medium-sized
According to the Ninth National People's Congress Standing Committee meeting of 28th June 29, 2002 through the "People's Republic of China SME Promotion Law," the spirit of the former State Economic and Trade Commission at home, the former State Development Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance, National Bureau of Statistics in February 19, 2003 issued the "small and medium-sized standards regarding the issuance of the notice required under the temporary" (economic and trade SMEs 〔2003〕 No. 143), the main criteria for small and medium-sized instries has made a specific defined. The standard is based on the number of enterprise employees, sales, total assets, such as indicators, combined with the characteristics of developed instry. In accordance with the "Notice" provisions of the small and medium enterprises in different sectors should be identified in accordance with the following criteria:
Instry, small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees in 2000 the following people, or sales below 300 million yuan, or total assets of 400 million yuan for the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 300 sales and over 30 million yuan, with total assets of 40 million yuan and above; the rest for small businesses.
The construction instry, small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees 3000 people following, or sales below 300 million yuan, or total assets of 400 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 600 sales and over 30 million yuan, with total assets of 40 million yuan and above; the rest for small businesses.
Wholesale and retail trade, small and medium-sized retail enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: 500 or fewer workers, or sales of 150 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 100 sales and over 1000万元; the rest for small businesses.
Wholesale trade of small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: 200 or fewer employees, or sales of 300 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 100 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses.
Transportation and postal service, transport small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees 3000 people following, or sales of 300 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 500 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses. Post instry small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: number of employees 1000 people following, or sales of 300 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 400 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses.
Different countries and different economic development stages, in different sectors to define their standards vary, and with the economic development and dynamic change. States generally qualitative and quantitative aspects of the definition of SMEs, the main qualitative indicators, including business forms of organization, financing methods and the status of where the instry, the volume indicators are mainly the number of employees, paid-up capital, total assets and so on. Volume of more qualitative indicators of indicators more intuitive, easy data selection, the majority of countries have divided the volume of standards, such as the U.S. Congress in 2001 introced the "United States Small Business Act" for SMEs to define standards for the number of employees does not exceed 500 people, the United Kingdom, the European Union, taking the volume of indicators, but also to qualitative indicators as a supplement.
Accommodation and catering instry, small and medium enterprises have to comply with the following conditions: 800 or fewer employees, or sales of 150 million yuan the following. Among them, the medium-sized enterprises have to satisfy the needs of workers at the same time the number of people and over 400 sales and over 30 million yuan; the rest for small businesses.
"Employees" to the existing statistical system of the end of a few employees in lieu of; "sales of instrial enterprises" to the existing statistical system in lieu of annual sales revenue; "construction enterprises sales accounts" to the existing statistical system annual income in lieu of clearing works; "wholesale and retail sales" to the existing statistical system in lieu of annual sales; "transport and postal service, accommodation and catering instry sales enterprise" to the existing statistical system of the year operating income in lieu of; "funding
The total proction "to the existing statistical system in lieu of total assets. Shall apply to the territory of the People's Republic of China established by law and various organizations of various ownership forms of enterprises
Instry, number of employees below 800 people. Enterprises which are instries with large enterprises compared to staff size, asset size and management are relatively small economic units.
The status of the financial plight of small and medium-sized or the performance of
With the investment was further enlarged and the rapid development of private economy, small and medium enterprises such as the continuing mushrooming, MSC 2003, National Tax Added taxpayers 1842, more than 47 percent year-on-year growth in the county government issued .2004 private enterprise development goals requiring new development of indivial and private enterprises 9250. Increasing number of SMEs on the one hand, an increase of tax sources, on the other hand, the grass-roots tax management a great challenge. Recently, ring the tax assessment, the general taxpayer, such as job review current events, the financial situation of small and medium enterprises to conct a sample survey, the results are not smug, improve financial accounting standards for SMEs to strengthen financial management and no time to lose.