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② 融資英文文獻
融資英文文獻（6000字左右 ） 作者：Justin.Athur.winner。 Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank
July,2007 by Stephen Bush
Commercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established instries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank」.
There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower』s particular instry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank」.
As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs
Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank」 and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Commercial Mortgage Loans
Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank」. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Credit Card Processing Programs
The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant』s credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card processing.
A closing commercial financing thought: I have written an earlier commercial financing article about commercial lenders to avoid. It should be noted that there are in fact both traditional and non-traditional (non-bank) lenders which should be avoided. So when commercial borrowers Think Outside the Bank」, it is still of critical importance that they are prepared to avoid a wide variety of problematic non-traditional commercial lenders in their search for viable commercial financing, especially when it involves business cash advance (credit card receivables and credit card factoring) programs, credit card processing services and commercial real estate financing.
商業融資解決方案-比如銀行外
2007年7月由Stephen布希
商業融資的借款人可能會認為，傳統的銀行是他們的最佳來源的商業融資。然而，由於大多數傳統銀行側重於少數設立工業，非傳統（非銀行）和非本地商業銀行應考慮大多數商業融資的情況。因此，建議商業融資戰略（如本文中討論）是跳出本行「 。
有幾個商業融資情況下，商業借款人常常發現，非傳統的商業銀行將能夠更好地提供的條件更有利的商業借款人： （ 1 ）商業透支現金和信用卡保理業務程序; （ 2 ）商業按揭貸款;和（ 3 ）信用卡處理程序。在某些情況下，傳統的銀行將提供商業融資，但附加條件過於嚴格和盟約。在其他情況下，傳統的銀行將下降徹底的商業融資，這可能是因為他們甚至不提供商業融資，商業借款人的特定行業。在這兩種情況下，商業借款人可能會受益於銀行外思考「 。
正如我在較早的商業融資的文章，在許多非競爭企業融資情況下，它並沒有什麼不尋常的地方傳統的銀行實行更加嚴厲的商業融資條件比通常被視為在一個更具競爭力的企業融資市場。這種傳統的銀行通常利用相對缺乏其他商業銀行在其當地市場。作出適當的反應是由商業借款人尋求非銀行的商業融資方案。這是既無必要，也明智的商業借款取決於只有在當地傳統的商業銀行融資解決方案。對於大多數商業融資的情況下，非本地和非銀行的商業銀行有可能提供更好的企業融資條件，因為他們所熟悉的競爭積極與其他商業銀行。
商業融資比如-比如銀行外
企業現金和信用卡應收帳款程序
大多數企業認為接受信用卡將在其業務資格的商業現金透支的信用卡應收款。傳統的銀行通常會是非常貧窮的候選人，以考慮是否需要援助業務與保理業務和信用卡業務現金墊款。因為即使是蓬勃發展的企業往往需要更多的現金，他們可以比銀行貸款，它可以是極其重要的商業銀行外的思考「 ，並找到非傳統的貸款，以協助這個商業融資的需要。
商業融資兩名-比如銀行外
商業按揭貸款
兩個最常見的商業融資遇到困難的商業貸款，可避免如果他們認為銀行外「 。第一商業融資情況是普遍存在的做法，傳統的銀行，以避免最特殊用途性質（如殯儀館和教堂） 。第二商業融資的情況是典型的做法，大多數商業銀行的重視氣球和/或召回規定的商業貸款（這意味著銀行可以要求提前償還的商業貸款不同條件下） 。這兩種不良商業融資的情況，通常可以很容易地避免和審議了非傳統和非銀行貸款。
商業融資例3 -比如銀行外
信用卡處理程序
選擇一個適當的信用卡處理服務，可有助於改善企業的盈利與大量的信用卡活動。分析信用卡處理供應商，才能有效地結合信用卡保理業務和信用卡應收款上述進程。在評估企業現金透支程序時，它常常是有可能同時安排大大提高商家的信用卡處理程序。由於傳統的銀行通常是沒有競爭力，在提供援助信用卡保理業務中，也同樣可能是一個非傳統的貸款將是主要來源的有效和有競爭力的幫助，信用卡處理。
閉幕商業融資認為：我已經寫的早期商業融資文章商業銀行，以避免。應當指出的是，事實上，傳統和非傳統（非銀行）貸款，應加以避免。因此，當借款人跳出商業銀行「 ，它仍然是至關重要的，它們准備，以避免各種問題的非傳統的商業銀行在尋求可行的商業融資，尤其是當它涉及業務現金透支（信用卡應收款和信用卡保理）程序，信用卡處理服務和商業房地產融資。
③ 有誰知道股票融資相關的英文文章
網上系統里查,
④ 急求有關中小企業融資方面的英文文獻及翻譯，英文實詞在3000字以上。。。
Small and medium-sized enterprises play an important role in the development of county economy and social progress. At present the county small and medium-sized enterprise in our city, the vast majority of private enterprises or joint-stock enterprises, their development is rapid, employment, market expansion ability to live, in the promotion of economic growth, promote new rural construction, deepening social specialization of proction and so on, is playing an indispensable positive role, has become an important part of county economy. At present, the small and medium-sized enterprise in development also faces many difficulties and problems, such as the policy environment is not perfect, entrepreneurial threshold is high, market access and exit mechanism is not perfect, the social service system lags behind, to encourage and support small and medium-sized enterprise policy is still a lack of appropriate supporting measures and so on, of which, the financing is one of the most restricts the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.
At present, the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises, mainly displays in: the financial market is not perfect, according to the characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises financing, the financing channel is narrow; ② because the small and medium-sized enterprise credit rating is low, the lack of collateral assets, financing costs are relatively high, it is difficult to obtain financial institutions funding support; the lagging construction of the service system for small and medium-sized enterprises, especially the credit system is relatively weak, credit guarantee institutions commercialization degree is low; the objective benefits of financial services to small and medium enterprises is relatively poor, the impact of the financial institutions to small and medium enterprises service proct development, institutional arrangement of banks and the financing needs of SMEs do not match; 5. Quite a number of technological innovation in small and medium enterprises is not active enough, the low level of management, credit consciousness is weak, enterprise system construction lags behind the pace of enterprise development, and so on, all make SMEs face into long puzzled.
Causes of the difficult financing of small and medium-sized enterprises are in many aspects, both institutional obstacles, and the service is not in place; both for historical reasons, and practical effect; both factors of external environment is not easy, and small and medium-sized enterprises development issues. Therefore, to solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises, must be multi-pronged, strengthen guidance, improve service, integrated propulsion.
First, deepen reform, establish and improve the promotion of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises financial system
With the development of market economy, the role of SMEs in the economic and social development in the increasingly prominent. Compared with the city, large enterprises, small and medium enterprises in the capital, information, personnel, technology, management and many aspects of disadvantage. Through deepening the reform of the financial system, accelerate the establishment of the small and medium-sized enterprise especially financial support system of small and medium-sized enterprises of the county, the active support of state-owned commercial banks from the instry access, risk control, compensation mechanism, credit orientation, network layout and so on, is inclined to the county small and medium-sized enterprises, to help SMEs to expand financing channels. After more than ten years of financial system reform, China has initially established a modern financial system of pluralism, however in the four major state-owned commercial banks as the core of the financial system, the service mainly for large state-owned enterprises, the small and medium-sized enterprise credit is only the "sideline". Relying on the big banks to solve the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises mode means the financing costs and high cost in theory, thus suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises limited. Therefore, from a long-term point of view, it is necessary to set up special SME credit bank, dedicated to provide credit services for small and medium-sized enterprises. The establishment of specialized SME credit mechanism, ways are possible is to create special SME bank restructuring in the city commercial banks, urban and rural credit cooperatives and other regional banks basis, give full play to its "based on the local, local service, characteristic service" advantage, financing to provide credit support to small and medium-sized enterprises. At present, the city commercial banks and credit cooperatives development strategy and the convergence of state-owned commercial banks, market positioning fuzzy, strongly and state-owned commercial banks compete for the big city, big corporate customers. From its own management ability and market segmentation perspective, city commercial banks and credit cooperatives should adjust development strategy, small and medium-sized enterprises as the main target market, considering the characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprise loan hidden costs high, countries should strengthen guidance, given appropriate subsidies, mobilize the enthusiasm of the small and medium-sized enterprise credit mechanism. At the same time, through the reform of public finance system, and further to support the small and medium-sized enterprise development, as an important task of the construction of public finance, establish and perfect the tax, including funds, financing a series of policies and measures to support, increase support for small and medium-sized enterprise funds, alleviate the financing difficulties of smes.
Two, as the initiative, improve the level of financial services to small and medium-sized enterprises
At present, small and medium-sized enterprises in market access, the choice of instry, instry standards, proct quality, legal protection, financial support and social services in all aspects of the increasingly high demand, more and more urgent, which put forward higher requirements for the development of services for small and medium-sized enterprises. The bank as the main channel for external financing of small and medium-sized enterprises in China, need to pay attention to the small and medium-sized enterprise financing in the current reform of state-owned banks. The state-owned commercial banks must be the idea innovation. We should dialectically treat the relationship between big, in, small business loans, truly code of conct to benefit as the center, step out to firm size, ownership form as a misunderstanding of loan basis. To the small and medium-sized enterprise reasonable demand for capital should make no exception, graally increase the proportion of small and medium-sized enterprises credit support. In accordance with the national instrial policy to determine the loans to small and medium enterprises to properly delegated approval authority, the small and medium-sized enterprise liquidity loans, revised enterprises credit rating standards, the establishment of small and medium-sized enterprise loan
⑤ 求2篇有關融資融券的英文文獻，要文章標題，作者，時間，正文
The market for borrowing stock
Gene D』Avolio
Graate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, Morgan 480, Soldiers Field Boston,
MA 02163, USA
Received 12 June 2001; accepted 21 March 2002
⑥ 求一篇與中小企業融資有關的英文原文，並翻譯成中文，要求翻譯成中文後有3000字以上。本科畢業論文用，急！
Abstract: SMEs in a country's economy to play the role of irreplaceability, but its further development is restricted by many factors, the most prominent of these factors in the performance of the financing it has become difficult to control the development of the "bottleneck" , In order to solve the problem of financing, we must first of the status of financing, the paper tried to SMEs on their own status, financing environment, the major difficulties facing such areas to explore, from improving the financing of SMEs in China's laws and regulations, the state-owned Commercial banking reform, the establishment of specialized credit institutions, and other aspects of small and medium enterprises on China's SME financing problems for discussion.
⑦ 求 關於 融資 方面的國外論文參考文獻三個，必須是英文的，題目-作者-年份。
33.MAHE L P．Environment and Quality Standards in WTO New Protectionism in Agricultural Trade A European Perspective[R]．
Edinburgh：Eight Annua1．Congress of European Agricultural Economists， 1996：36～42
34.LIDDLE B．Free trade and the environment—development system[J]．Ecol Econ，2001，39：21～36
⑧ 求一篇3000字左右的關於融資方面的英文文章
Commercial Financing Solutions - Think Outside The Bank
July,2007 by Stephen Bush
Commercial financing borrowers are likely to feel that a traditional bank is their best source for business financing. However, because most traditional banks focus on a small number of established instries, non-traditional (non-bank) and non-local commercial lenders should be considered for most commercial financing situations. Therefore the recommended commercial financing strategy (as discussed in this article) is to Think Outside the Bank」.
There are several commercial financing situations in which commercial borrowers will frequently find that non-traditional commercial lenders are better positioned to provide terms that are more advantageous to the commercial borrower: (1) Business cash advance and credit card factoring programs; (2) commercial mortgage loans; and (3) credit card processing programs. In some cases a traditional bank will offer to provide commercial financing but will attach excessively stringent terms and covenants. In other cases a traditional bank will decline the commercial financing outright, perhaps because they do not even provide business financing to the commercial borrower』s particular instry. In either case, the commercial borrower is likely to benefit by Thinking Outside the Bank」.
As I noted in an earlier commercial financing article, in many non-competitive business financing situations it is not unusual for a local traditional bank to impose harsher commercial financing terms than would typically be seen in a more competitive business financing market. Such traditional banks routinely take advantage of a relative lack of other commercial lenders in their local market. An appropriate response by commercial borrowers is to seek out non-bank commercial financing options. It is neither necessary nor wise for commercial borrowers to depend only upon local traditional banks for commercial financing solutions. For most commercial financing situations, a non-local and non-bank commercial lender is likely to provide improved business financing terms because they are accustomed to competing aggressively with other commercial lenders.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE ONE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Business Cash Advance and Credit Card Receivables Programs
Most businesses that accept credit cards in their business will qualify for a business cash advance with their credit card receivables. Traditional banks will typically be very poor candidates to consider if a business needs assistance with credit card factoring and business cash advances. Because even thriving businesses frequently need more cash than they can borrow from a bank, it can be of critical importance for a business to Think Outside the Bank」 and locate non-traditional lenders to assist with this commercial financing need.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE TWO - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Commercial Mortgage Loans
Two of the most common commercial financing difficulties experienced by commercial borrowers can be avoided if they Think Outside the Bank」. The first commercial financing situation is the prevailing practice of traditional banks to avoid most special purpose properties (such as funeral homes and churches). The second commercial financing situation is the typical practice of most commercial banks to attach balloon and/or recall provisions to their commercial loans (which means that the bank can require early repayment of the commercial loan under various conditions). Both of these undesirable commercial financing situations can usually and easily be avoided by considering a non-traditional and non-bank lender.
COMMERCIAL FINANCING EXAMPLE THREE - THINK OUTSIDE THE BANK
Credit Card Processing Programs
The choice of an appropriate credit card processing service can be instrumental in improving the profitability of businesses with a high volume of credit card activity. The analysis of credit card processing providers can be effectively combined with the credit card factoring and credit card receivables process described above. In assessing a business cash advance program, it is frequently possible to simultaneously arrange for a substantial improvement in the merchant』s credit card processing program. Because traditional banks are usually not competitive in providing assistance with credit card factoring, it is equally likely that a non-traditional lender will be the primary source of effective and competitive help with credit card processing.
A closing commercial financing thought: I have written an earlier commercial financing article about commercial lenders to avoid. It should be noted that there are in fact both traditional and non-traditional (non-bank) lenders which should be avoided. So when commercial borrowers Think Outside the Bank」, it is still of critical importance that they are prepared to avoid a wide variety of problematic non-traditional commercial lenders in their search for viable commercial financing, especially when it involves business cash advance (credit card receivables and credit card factoring) programs, credit card processing services and commercial real estate financing.
⑨ 需要融資結構的一篇英文文獻，謝謝了
等等