❶ 誰能幫忙找一下金融控股公司方面的英文資料啊
金融控股公司就是投行嗎？？
如果是的，下面的文章就是你要的
Investment banks help companies and governments raise money by issuing and selling securities in the capital markets (both equity and debt), as well as providing advice on transactions such as mergers and acquisitions. Until the late 1980s, the United States and Canada maintained a separation between investment banking and commercial banks.
A majority of investment banks offer strategic advisory services for mergers, acquisitions, divestiture or other financial services for clients, such as the trading of derivatives, fixed income, foreign exchange, commodity, and equity securities.
Trading securities for cash or securities (i.e., facilitating transactions, market-making), or the promotion of securities (i.e., underwriting, research, etc.) is referred to as the "sell side."
Dealing with the pension funds, mutual funds, hedge funds, and the investing public who consume the procts and services of the sell-side in order to maximize their return on investment constitutes the "buy side". Many firms have buy and sell side components
Organizational structure of an investment bank
[edit] The main activities and units
On behalf of the bank and its clients, the primary function of the bank is buying and selling procts. Banks undertake risk through proprietary trading, done by a special set of traders who do not interface with clients and through Principal Risk, risk undertaken by a trader after he buys or sells a proct to a client and does not hedge his total exposure. Banks seek to maximize profitability for a given amount of risk on their balance sheet.
An investment bank is split into the so-called Front Office, Middle Office, and Back Office.
[edit] Front Office
* Investment banking is the traditional aspect of investment banks which involves helping customers raise funds in the Capital Markets and advising on mergers and acquisitions. These jobs tend to be extremely competitive and difficult to land. Investment banking may involve subscribing investors to a security issuance, coordinating with bidders, or negotiating with a merger target. Other terms for the investment banking division include mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and corporate finance. The investment banking division (IBD) is generally divided into instry coverage and proct coverage groups. Instry coverage groups focus on a specific instry such as healthcare, instrials, or technology, and maintain relationships with corporations within the instry to bring in business for a bank. Proct coverage groups focus on financial procts, such as mergers and acquisitions, leveraged finance, equity, and high-grade debt.
* Investment management is the professional management of various securities (shares, bonds, etc.) and other assets (e.g. real estate), to meet specified investment goals for the benefit of the investors. Investors may be institutions (insurance companies, pension funds, corporations etc.) or private investors (both directly via investment contracts and more commonly via collective investment schemes eg. mutual funds). The Investment management division of an investment bank is generally divided into separate groups, often known as Private Wealth Management and Private Client Services. Asset Management deals with institutional investors, while Private Wealth Management manages the funds of high net-worth indivials.
* Sales & Trading In the process of market making, traders will buy and sell financial procts with the goal of making an incremental amount of money on each trade. Sales is the term for the investment banks sales force, whose primary job is to call on institutional and high-net-worth investors to suggest trading ideas (on caveat emptor basis) and take orders. Sales desks then communicate their clients' orders to the appropriate trading desks, who can price and execute trades, or structure new procts that fit a specific need.
* Structuring has been a relatively recent division as derivatives have come into play, with highly technical and numerate employees working on creating complex structured procts which typically offer much greater margins and returns than underlying cash securities. The necessity for numerical ability has created jobs for physics and math Ph.D.s who act as quants.
* Merchant banking is a private equity activity of investment banks.[1] Examples include Goldman Sachs Capital Partners and JPMorgan One Equity Partners. Sometimes, merchant banking is a part of Alternative Investment division.
* Research is the division which reviews companies and writes reports about their prospects, often with "buy" or "sell" ratings. While the research division generates no revenue, its resources are used to assist traders in trading, the sales force in suggesting ideas to customers, and investment bankers by covering their clients. There is a potential conflict of interest between the investment bank and its analysis in that published analysis can affect the profits of the bank. Therefore in recent years the relationship between investment banking and research has become highly regulated requiring a Chinese wall between public and private functions.
* Strategy is the division which advises external as well as internal clients on the strategies that can be adopted in various markets. Ranging from derivatives to specific instries, strategists place companies and instries in a quantitative framework with full consideration of the macroeconomic scene. This strategy often affects the way the firm will operate in the market, the direction it would like to take in terms of its proprietary and flow positions, the suggestions salespersons give to clients, as well as the way structurers create new procts.
[edit] Middle Office
* Risk Management involves analyzing the market and credit risk that traders are taking onto the balance sheet in concting their daily trades, and setting limits on the amount of capital that they are able to trade in order to prevent 'bad' trades having a detrimental effect to a desk overall. Another key Middle Office role is to ensure that the above mentioned economic risks are captured accurately (as per agreement of commercial terms with the counterparty), correctly (as per standardized booking models in the most appropriate systems) and on time (typically within 30 minutes of trade execution). In recent years the risk of errors has become known as "operational risk" and the assurance Middle Offices provide now includes measures to address this risk. When this assurance is not in place, market and credit risk analysis can be unreliable and open to deliberate manipulation.
* Finance areas are responsible for an investment bank's capital management and risk monitoring. By tracking and analyzing the capital flows of the firm, the Finance division is the principal adviser to senior management on essential areas such as controlling the firm's global risk exposure and the profitability and structure of the firm's various businesses. In the United States and United Kingdom, a Financial Controller is a senior position, often reporting to the Chief Financial Officer.
* Compliance areas are responsible for an investment bank's daily operations' compliance with FSA regulations and internal regulations. Often also considered a back-office division.
[edit] Back Office
* Operations involves data-checking trades that have been concted, ensuring that they are not erroneous, and transacting the required transfers. While some believe it provides the greatest job security with the bleakest career prospects of the divisions within an investment bank, many have outsourced operations. It is however a critical part of the bank that involves managing the financial information of the bank and ensures efficient capital markets through the financial reporting function. In recent years e to increased competition in finance related careers, college degrees are now mandatory at most Tier 1 investment banks. A finance degree has proved significant in understanding the depth of the deals and transactions that occur across all the divisions of the bank.
* Technology refers to the IT department. Every major investment bank has considerable amounts of in-house software, created by the Technology team, who are also responsible for Computer and Telecommunications-based support. Technology has changed considerably in the last few years as more sales and trading desks are using electronic trading platforms. These platforms can serve as auto-executed hedging to complex model driven algorithms.
An investment bank can also be split into private and public functions with a Chinese wall which separates the two to prevent information from crossing. The private areas of the bank deal with private insider information that may not be publicly disclosed, while the public areas such as stock analysis deal with public information.
[edit] Employment
In the United Kingdom more graates apply to investment banks than for any other career because of the exciting city based work, good compensation benefits package and prestige of firms such as UBS, Credit Suisse, Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, Merrill Lynch, and JP Morgan.
Similarly, the same trend seemed to apply to Singapore where careers with such banks are deemed prestigious.
[edit] Size of instry
Global investment banking revenue increased for the fifth year running in 2007, to $84.3 billion.[2] This was up 21% on the previous year and more than double the level in 2003. Despite a record year for fee income, many investment banks have experienced large losses related to their exposure to US sub-prime securities investments.
The US was the primary source of investment banking income in 2007, with 53% of the total, a proportion which has fallen somewhat ring the past decade. Europe (with Middle East and Africa) generated 32% of the total, slightly up on its 30% share a decade ago. Asian countries generated the remaining 15%. Over the past decade, fee income from the US increased by 80%. This compares with a 217% increase in Europe and 250% increase in Asia ring this period.
Investment banking is one of the most global instries and is hence continuously challenged to respond to new developments and innovation in the global financial markets. Throughout the history of investment banking, it is only known that many have theorized that all investment banking procts and services would be commoditized. New procts with higher margins are constantly invented and manufactured by bankers in hopes of winning over clients and developing trading know-how in new markets. However, since these can usually not be patented or righted, they are very often copied quickly by competing banks, pushing down trading margins.[citation needed]
For example, trading bonds and equities for customers is now a commodity business[citation needed], but structuring and trading derivatives is highly profitable[citation needed]. Each OTC contract has to be uniquely structured and could involve complex pay-off and risk profiles. Listed option contracts are traded through major exchanges, such as the CBOE, and are almost as commoditized as general equity securities.
In addition, while many procts have been commoditized, an increasing amount of profit within investment banks has come from proprietary trading, where size creates a positive network benefit (since the more trades an investment bank does, the more it knows about the market flow, allowing it to theoretically make better trades and pass on better guidance to clients).
The fastest growing segment of the investment banking instry are private investments into public companies (PIPEs, otherwise known as Regulation D or Regulation S). Such transactions are privately negotiated between companies and accredited investors. These PIPE transactions are non-rule 144A transactions. Large buldge bracket brokerage firms and smaller boutique firms compete in this sector. Special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs) or blank check corporations have been created from this instry.
[edit] Vertical integration
In the US, the Glass-Steagall Act, initially created in the wake of the Stock Market Crash of 1929, prohibited banks from both accepting deposits and underwriting securities which led to segregation of investment banks from commercial banks. Glass-Steagall was effectively repealed for many large financial institutions by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act in 1999.
Another development in recent years has been the vertical integration of debt securitization[citation needed]. Previously, investment banks had assisted lenders in raising more lending funds and having the ability to offer longer term fixed interest rates by converting the lenders' outstanding loans into bonds. For example, a mortgage lender would make a house loan, and then use the investment bank to sell bonds to fund the debt, the money from the sale of the bonds can be used to make new loans, while the lender accepts loan payments and passes the payments on to the bondholders. This process is called securitization. However, lenders have begun to securitize loans themselves, especially in the areas of mortgage loans. Because of this, and because of the fear that this will continue, many Investment Banks have focused on becoming lenders themselves,[3] making loans with the goal of securitizing them. In fact, in the areas of commercial mortgages, many investment banks lend at loss leader interest rates[citation needed] in order to make money securitizing the loans, causing them to be a very popular financing option for commercial property investors and developers[citation needed].
[edit] Possible conflicts of interest
Potential conflicts of interest may arise between different parts of a bank, creating the potential for financial movements that could be market manipulation. Authorities that regulate investment banking (the FSA in the United Kingdom and the SEC in the United States) require that banks impose a Chinese wall which prohibits communication between investment banking on one side and equity research and trading on the other.
Some of the conflicts of interest that can be found in investment banking are listed here:
* Historically, equity research firms were founded and owned by investment banks. One common practice is for equity analysts to initiate coverage on a company in order to develop relationships that lead to highly profitable investment banking business. In the 1990s, many equity researchers allegedly traded positive stock ratings directly for investment banking business. On the flip side of the coin: companies would threaten to divert investment banking business to competitors unless their stock was rated favorably. Politicians acted to pass laws to criminalize such acts. Increased pressure from regulators and a series of lawsuits, settlements, and prosecutions curbed this business to a large extent following the 2001 stock market tumble.[citation needed]
* Many investment banks also own retail brokerages. Also ring the 1990s, some retail brokerages sold consumers securities which did not meet their stated risk profile. This behavior may have led to investment banking business or even sales of surplus shares ring a public offering to keep public perception of the stock favorable.
* Since investment banks engage heavily in trading for their own account, there is always the temptation or possibility that they might engage in some form of front running. Front running is the illegal practice of a stock broker executing orders on a security for their own account (and thus affecting prices) before filling orders previously submitted by their customers.
❷ 金融專業研究生，畢業了不想去券商，也不想去投行和咨詢（以現在的水平也去不了），那我能從事什麼職業
別聽LZ亂說，別把什麼都券商都叫投行。。真正能進真正投行front office國內只有北大，清華，復旦，最多加個上交。。如果也不想去小券商的話，可以去商業銀行嘛。。做企業銀行業務挺好的，別老把商行和個人存款業務相聯系哈，它們的業務多了，企業信貸啊，trade finance都不錯哈。。還有就是去小的金融公司，比如給大投行提供數據支持的，類似bloomberg和moody's，雖然這兩個並不小。。還可以嘗試下各種基金。。還有保險，當然沒讓你去當賣保險的哈，就算進不了精算室，至少是去總部坐辦公室的。。還可以去考財務部，商務部的公務員。。還可以屈尊做企業會計。。其實路很多，別老投行投行的，國內很多人連投行長什麼樣都沒見過就在那裡叫囂要去投行。。其實去了你也不見得喜歡，因為壓力和工作時間永遠和薪水成正比
❸ CFA就業方向在金融的哪些崗位
Jasmine，國內985本科，常春藤碩士，畢業後在華爾街工作，某投行的行Sales and Trading部門，幾年後選擇回國，現在是金融獵頭，負責對沖基金、IB、大行的Portfolio Manager、Quant、Trader等職位，對於金融行業的細節和消息，知之深廣。
Jasmine接觸了很多金融全職工作者，轉行者和學生，從詢問的數據來看，很多人都想通過CFA去投行、對沖基金、私募基金等比較高端的金融公司，不過這些人雖然對投行等機構興趣很大，但是聽說越好的金融機構，越喜歡高學歷的名校生，甚至有些投行只招聘特定的幾所學校學生，這讓他們很頭疼。
根據Jasmine的觀察，IBD從事的工作，IPO/M&A沒有太多的要求，很多操作都是從工作中摸索出來的，根本不可能通過讀書學到。有些操作很繁瑣，很無聊，比如IPO，多做幾個案子就會形成自己的風格，對於投行的工作更有感覺，這種感覺很重要。
也因為如此，投行才只看名校，因為他們需要的人，要聰明、商業觸覺好、而且要肯干肯拼。這些要求比較清楚，但是幾乎不可能從簡歷中看出來，每個人都可以在cover letter說自己聰明能幹，能吃苦有責任心，面試就顯得很有必要，能判斷這個人大概是什麼樣子，而且一般好的金融機構都會有好幾次面試。
面試工作很耗費時間和經歷，只看名校經歷就是一次有效的篩選，畢竟能進名校的人一般不會差到哪去。
如果你的目標是投行Front Office，這些職位拼的不是知識，而是牌子。所以名校經歷加一張CFA title就顯得很重要，人家覺得你背景好，是CFA持證人，很厲害。Jasmine有切身體會，某投行的hiring manager想找她找一個junior的trader assistant，然後加了一句，只要考CFA的人，沒持證沒關系。
獵頭尋人一般都是高一點的崗位，VP以上的級別是常有的事情。
金融服務業基本上就兩個方向：第一是IBD/Sales，搶deal，拼人脈。第二是走技術路線，設計產品、建模等。
IPO/M&A業務給哪個投行做都差不多，為什麼人家願意給你而不給別人呢？這就是人脈，也是招牌響的好處，要麼公司牌子響，要麼自己牌子響，這個時候學歷和特許金融分析師的title就會特別好用。CFA證書就拿在手裡啊，去PE/VC的作用也不會少到哪裡去，畢竟CFA協會已經用一套國際化的標准作出了判斷，這是個人才。
如果想走技術路線，建模、設計金融產品，做分析師的話，學校倒沒那麼重要，能做事才是硬道理，這就是為什麼拉小提琴的也能成為投行associate。投行和基金公司，基本上只要能做事的人，不管你什麼學校畢業。理工科就業會比金融背景容易，因為金融行業現在很缺編程牛人，如果想做Quant、定價、Model，基本只要技術背景和5年以上工作經驗的人。前提是，多少有點金融基礎，沒有公司願意從頭開始培養你，這就是為什麼CFA會比較吸引HR注意。
關於CFA持證人的薪水問題，大家不要過於糾結。VP的底薪不會超過20萬，外界傳說的50萬，上百萬都是有工作經驗的人，反而bonus有可能比較多，不過bonus這事，也難說吧。獎金總要跟著市場變化，年頭好的時候，獎金就多。
如果是finance的fresh graate，沒有工作經驗，CFA能起到什麼作用？根據協會的要求，大學生畢業時最多隻能通過CFA一級考試，這對於大學生已經足夠。投行等金融機構可以看出你真的對金融行業充滿興趣，並且付出時間和精力去學習更深的金融知識，不是腦袋一熱就來投行面試了。
此外，即便沒有工作經驗，CFA告訴他們，你的知識可以幫你很快找到工作狀態，從頭培養新人已經是上個世紀投行的事情了。
已經35了，這個時候去讀CFA是不是太晚了？當然不會。CFA證書的申請本身就需要工作經驗，轉行去金融行業工作者，學CFA簡直是**選擇。如果有工作經驗的話，CFA一級已經不夠用了，考過二級才能更好的產生影響力。
今天的學歷競爭作用不大了，海歸、碩士一大把，投行里也常出現多人爭一個崗位的情況，而且都來自同一所學校，如果其中某人帶著CFA的光環，怎麼選就容易多了。
❹ 紐約大學金融業出來做什麼年薪多少回國或去香港發展前途怎樣
其實你已自問自答了。
假如你成績非常好，但還沒有開始在NYU讀金融，你可能要考慮一下改行同時改學校。金融業在金融海嘯後正經歷大改造，而這改造正在開始，還會加速進行。金融海嘯後唯一成長的需求只要高速交易程式設計，未來的其他金融工作機會再也不會回到金融海嘯前。目前的金融業除了銷售業務人員永遠有相對穩定的需求，其他不管Front Office或Back Office的許多工作則根本消失，如交易員現在正大量的被交易程式取代，金融分析師則在金融海嘯自己把自己招牌給砸了，投資銀行在銀根如此寬松之下但經濟仍無起色下，需求早遠低於供給，即使未來經濟好轉，市場得先消化這群有經驗的人員，未來的投資銀行對新鮮人的需求不會太高。後端的金融工程師也在金融法案改革中被根本性質疑所有的創新金額產品全部沒有計算隱性風險，全在騙投資人，因此金融工程人員需求也會疲軟。
至於即使畢業於Stern School of Business，NYU比起一般排名30幾的學校在找華爾街工作上或許略占優勢，但遠不如HYP三校和Columbia，U Penn，是這五校的小媳婦，只能撿人家挑剩的工作。但NYU學費偏貴，幾乎沒有獎學金，所以NYU在全美大學里的教育投資報酬率上是後段班。
香港或大陸近年海龜越來越多，NYU口碑如何也漸漸與美國同步，沒法唬人了。
你若Stern以名列前矛成績畢業，不算Sign Up Bonus，進入華爾街投行起薪可超過十萬。後段的工作或可有七到十萬。一般工作則起薪五到七萬。年終獎金份量當然就每年不一定。
你可以找幾本有關金融海嘯的書，看看來龍去脈後可能稍微修正對華爾街的玫瑰色憧憬，有個比較正確的觀念對你長遠計劃會比較好。
❺ 求一銷售管理論文
你的願望可能要落空
替你寫論文？誰會為了這幾分為你寫？
教你寫論文？書籍一大堆。。。。。
最主要是自己的實踐經驗啊，
如果確實想寫好，不如把你寫的論文貼出來，大家來改，你最後再回籠修改，這才可能是你想要的東西。
❻ 會計怎麼轉到金融行業
「缺點：1.人際關系處理能力差，自製力有點差；2.語言表達能力差，頭腦一根經，思想簡單，直腸子」
就憑這兩點，轉行金融還是有困難的，是不是你自己表達有誤啊。
你覺得做研究可以的話，也有問題是外行的話，轉研究是很難的，一般都得從front office做起。外行轉研究的話前提是得對某一領域有很深的了解，比如說你以前是做能源方面的，然後考個CFA，轉行去做能源類分析師，這還是可能的。
不過你覺得自己適合做金融肯定有你的理由，所以我覺得你表述的有問題肯定，因為你的優點第三條和缺點第二條完全矛盾的，估計是你表述有誤。
如果要是轉金融的話，我還是覺得金融的研究生，比CFA好點，我認識一個人，本科學理，工作兩年然後考了金融的研究生，現在在讀中國人民銀行的博士後，在北京中國人民總行工作。
❼ 學金融數學專業對電腦方面的要求高么
有人覺得要求有些偏高，但個人覺得也不算高，關鍵還得看你將來具體為什麼職位做准備。因為根據以往一些學長學姐和前輩們經驗分享和建議看：在實際工作中，金融工程建模和實現模型是兩個分開的工作。 在中國的話，建模的人和編程的人通常是兩套團隊，而在美國建模的人得自己寫程序實現模型。所以如果你打算在中國學習和工作的話，編程倒也不是個非學不可的東西，但是學了絕對是大有裨益的。在美國的話建議你還是好好學習下編程。
所以如果你打算在中國學習和工作的話，編程倒也不是個非學不可的東西，但是學了絕對是大有裨益的。在美國的話建議你還是好好學習下編程。
具體來說：
1. 如果是純編程崗位，建議你可以不用考慮了，因為那些公司的HR要找的人是原來在其他軟體公司做過的人。
2. 如果是research，你就需要對編程很熟，Matlab,R必不可少，Python最好會，個人感覺python勢頭很猛，未來python可能在金融界前景更好一些。然後要懂點C++，雖然最後可能用不到。
3. 如果是front office，如果你是desk quant，最重要的是編程的速度，trader讓你干什麼，你要立馬就能實現。如果是trader，恭喜你，你應該用不上編程。但是如果是quant trader，那對你的要求會很高，一般都是靠經驗慢慢堆起來的，所以剛畢業的基本就不用想了。
❽ 請問金融行業的朋友：CFA和CQF的區別與比較
我在歐美投行做過，這世界上沒幾個人知道CQF是什麼，所以就知名度和認可度來講，你還是考CFA吧。
很多金融職位會考慮CFA，但是CQF估計也就quant或風險控制用的上（還不常見） ，而且說實話quant屬於front office，但屬於半支持性職位，風控屬於後台支持性職位，職業前景不是最好的。這點來說，CFA的職業前景更好
順帶說一句，考CFA不如考個名牌大學的學位，國內就北大清華之類，國外常春藤之流。我們招畢業生第一個要求就是名牌大學，CFA屬於屬於錦上添花，而且沒有3年從業經驗你也拿不到CFA。