Ⅰ 急求有关人民币汇率的有关参考文献
推荐到OA图书馆查找。输入英文关键词即可。可以找到很多的免费文献。
Ⅱ 急求《人民币汇率波动对我国外贸企业的影响分析》的参考文献
人民币升值对中国经济的影响,特别是进出口贸易的影响:
第一：人民币升值，不利于出口，人们原来10亿美元能从中国买到的商品，人民币升值后，买相同质量和数量的商品，外国进口商就要多付出几百万美元甚至更多才买得到了。如果升值幅度不是太大的话，由于我国劳动力成本所具有的竞争力，使得我国出口的商品在价格上的竞争优势不会受到太大的冲击；其在贸易上的影响只具有媒介炒作时对人们产生的心理作用，也就是说，中国的出口产品因货币升值在他国产生的价格波动，以及对贸易商的利益影响微乎其微，但别有用心者却借此在国际上造成了一种对中国不利的心理效应，即人们或许会不加具体分析地认为，来自中国的产品涨价了，商人们也会认为到中国进口产品会赚不到多少钱了。从而给中国出口造成真正的不利影响。就其性质而言，类似于一次成功造谣对中国的中伤。或者说，让人民币只要稍稍升值，对我国的出口而言，就会起到"造谣"性质的伤害.
第二：人民币升值不利于引进外资；人们原来在中国1亿英镑能作的事，人民币升值后，可能需要增加上百万英镑的投资才能办成了。这等于外商进来前什么也没买，就要凭空多支付上百万英镑，投资者肯定要划算一翻得失了。 第三：人民币升值，会使原来需10亿美元在境外所能完成的投资，升值后会少用几百万甚至上千万美元就能完成了，因此必然会加速资本外流。我们必须意识到，目前资本外流对我国是不利的。 第四：人民币升值，将会导致进口增加，从而可能出现贸易逆差，并影响国内企业竞争力。 第五：人民币升值，会导致国际金融资本对人民币的投资，即人民币将成为人们的财富借以保值升值的购买对象，也就是说人民币在国际上将产生"黄金效应"。 第六：人民币升值，利于偿还外债，我们原来需要2000亿美元偿还的对外债务，人民币升值后，可能要少还几亿美元了； 第七、人民币升值，有利于实现人民币成为国际通用性货币的进程.
持续的本币升值和升值预期一旦固化，还会对消费、投资和其他经济行为带来一系列干扰，形成不良的心理预期，搞得不好会使宏观调控陷入困境。一是在我国面临有效社会需求不足这一突出矛盾情况下，使民间投资和消费更加疲软；二是使经济增长对积极财政政策的依赖日益加重，不仅政策效应会逐步降低，而且财政风险日益加大；三是伴随本币升值与通货紧缩的循环，货币政策面临陷入流动性陷阱的风险。这些都会使宏观经济政策的作用空间日益缩小，调控的余地愈加有限。加上，本币持续升值还会带来人们收人的虚涨和资产的虚增，极易诱发泡沫经济，刺激虚拟经济的非理性膨胀，最终给宏观经济带来更大的冲击。
在出口结构与我大致相同的东南亚国家的货币纷纷大幅贬值的情况下，我国出口贸易仍然取得了骄人的增长业绩，就是一个有力的证据。又如，适度升值虽然会使我国外汇储备面临缩水威胁，但通过控制储备规模、优化储备币种、调整储备形式等措施，亦可将这一威胁减至最小。
Ⅲ 通货膨胀、人民币汇率、经济增长之间关系的研究这篇论文的文献综述有哪些，国内国外都要
这个问题若是让经济金融专家回答，就变得复杂了，但实际上道理很简单。就汇率而言，若人民币对外币升值了，我国商品出口的成本将增加，更多的商品将留在国内市场，同时外国进口的商品将更便宜，这样国内市场商品多了，物价下降，形成通货紧缩；反之若人民币对外币贬值，我国出口成本降低，商品大量出口，同时进口商品成本升高，这样，国内商品少了，物价自然上涨，造成通货膨胀。
总的来说，当货币的供给量大于商品价值总量时，就会导致通货膨胀，反之，就会导致通缩。一般适度通胀，会刺激经济增长，增加就业，通缩易造成经济增长动力不足，会造成经济停滞。
但是过度通胀或恶性通胀，即商品价格飞涨，使得人们消费能力收到严重影响，造成无力消费或因担心未来而不敢消费，同样会使经济增长失去动力，形成所谓的滞胀。
Ⅳ 人民币汇率变动对中国纺织品出口影响及对策文献综述怎么写
你的人民币汇率变动对中国纺织品出口影响及对策文献综述具体准备往哪个方向写，题目老师同意了没，具体有要求要求，需要多少字呢？
你可以告诉我具体的排版格式要求，文献综述想写好，先要在图书馆找好相关资料，确定好题目与写作方向。老师同意后在下笔，还有什么不了解的可以直接问我，希望可以帮到你，祝写作过程顺利。
如何做文献综述
首先需要将“文献综述（ Literature Review) ”与“背景描述 (Background Description) ”区分开来。我们在选择研究问题的时候，需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉，如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外政府发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等，这些内容属于“背景描述”，关注的是现实层面的问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”。“文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。其次，文献综述是评论性的（ Review 就是“评论”的意思），因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光 (critical thinking) 来归纳和评论文献，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。评论的主线，要按照问题展开，也就是说，别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的，他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷？要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题，那就没有重复研究的必要了。
清楚了文献综述的意涵，现在说说怎么做文献综述。虽说，尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度，但如果缺乏标准，就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。
技巧一：瞄准主流。主流文献，如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等，是做文献综述的“必修课”。而多数大众媒体上的相关报道或言论，虽然多少有点价值，但时间精力所限，可以从简。怎样摸清该领域的主流呢？建议从以下几条途径入手：一是图书馆的中外学术期刊，找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”，留意它们的参考文献。质量较高的学术文章，通常是不会忽略该领域的主流、经典文献的。二是利用学校图书馆的“中国期刊网”、“外文期刊数据库检索”和外文过刊阅览室，能够查到一些较为早期的经典文献。三是国家图书馆，有些上世纪七八十年代甚至更早出版的社科图书，学校图书馆往往没有收藏，但是国图却是一本不少（国内出版的所有图书都要送缴国家图书馆），不仅如此，国图还收藏了很多研究中国政治和政府的外文书籍，从互联网上可以轻松查询到。
技巧二：随时整理，如对文献进行分类，记录文献信息和藏书地点。做博士论文的时间很长，有的文献看过了当时不一定有用，事后想起来却找不着了，所以有时记录是很有必要的。罗仆人就积累有一份研究中国政策过程的书单，还特别记录了图书分类号码和藏书地点。同时，对于特别重要的文献，不妨做一个读书笔记，摘录其中的重要观点和论述。这样一步一个脚印，到真正开始写论文时就积累了大量“干货”，可以随时享用。
技巧三：要按照问题来组织文献综述。看过一些文献以后，我们有很强烈的愿望要把自己看到的东西都陈述出来，像“竹筒倒豆子”一样，洋洋洒洒，蔚为壮观。仿佛一定要向读者证明自己劳苦功高。我写过十多万字的文献综述，后来发觉真正有意义的不过数千字。文献综述就像是在文献的丛林中开辟道路，这条道路本来就是要指向我们所要解决的问题，当然是直线距离最短、最省事，但是一路上风景颇多，迷恋风景的人便往往绕行于迤逦的丛林中，反面“乱花渐欲迷人眼”，“曲径通幽”不知所终了。因此，在做文献综述时，头脑时刻要清醒：我要解决什么问题，人家是怎么解决问题的，说的有没有道理，就行了。
你的午间新闻方面方面文献综述具体准备往哪个方向写，题目老师同意了没，具体有要求要求，需要多少字呢？
你可以告诉我具体的排版格式要求，文献综述想写好，先要在图书馆找好相关资料，确定好题目与写作方向。老师同意后在下笔，还有什么不了解的可以直接问我，希望可以帮到你，祝写作过程顺利。
三、如何撰写开题报告
问题清楚了，文献综述也做过了，开题报告便呼之欲出。事实也是如此，一个清晰的问题，往往已经隐含着论文的基本结论；对现有文献的缺点的评论，也基本暗含着改进的方向。开题报告就是要把这些暗含的结论、论证结论的逻辑推理，清楚地展现出来。
写开题报告的目的，是要请老师和专家帮我们判断一下：这个问题有没有研究价值、这个研究方法有没有可能奏效、这个论证逻辑有没有明显缺陷。因此，开题报告的主要内容，就要按照“研究目的和意义”、“文献综述和理论空间”、“基本论点和研究方法”、“资料收集方法和工作步骤”这样几个方面展开。其中，“基本论点和研究方法”是重点，许多人往往花费大量笔墨铺陈文献综述，但一谈到自己的研究方法时但寥寥数语、一掠而过。这样的话，评审老师怎么能判断出你的研究前景呢？又怎么能对你的研究方法给予切实的指导和建议呢？
对于不同的选题，研究方法有很大的差异。一个严谨规范的学术研究，必须以严谨规范的方法为支撑。在博士生课程的日常教学中，有些老师致力于传授研究方法；有的则突出讨论方法论的问题。这都有利于我们每一个人提高自己对研究方法的认识、理解、选择与应用，并具体实施于自己的论文工作中。
一、文献综述概述
文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。综述的目的是反映某一课题的新水平、新动态、新技术和新发现。从其历史到现状，存在问题以及发展趋势等，都要进行全面的介绍和评论。在此基础上提出自己的见解，预测技术的发展趋势，为选题和开题奠定良好的基础。
二、文献综述的格式
文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作。
前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。
主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述，主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。
总结部分，与研究性论文的小结有些类似，将全文主题进行扼要总结，提出自己的见解并对进一步的发展方向做出预测。
三、文献综述规定
1. 为了使选题报告有较充分的依据，要求硕士研究生在论文开题之前作文献综述。
2. 在文献综述时，研究生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。通常阅读文献不少于30篇
3. 在文献综述中，研究生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等。
4. 文献综述要条理清晰，文字通顺简练。
5. 资料运用恰当、合理。文献引用用方括号"[ ]"括起来置于引用词的右上角。
6. 文献综述中要有自己的观点和见解。鼓励研究生多发现问题、多提出问题、并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径。
Ⅳ 我要写一篇经济论文，4000字，题目是汇率对于中国旅游业的发展，求思路，还有哪些网站有相关权威数据啊
首先明确lz要写的是经济论文，因此就难易程度考虑，lz应当用计量经济学的方法来研究这个问题。另外，lz还得进一步明确题目中中国旅游业的定义，是仅指外国人的入境旅游还是包括国人的出境旅游，需要在前面加定语说明。
框架大体上是这样：
引言——写个现状背景，以及中国旅游业和汇率的变化历程。
综述——文献综述，以往研究现状和评论。本文研究思路和研究方法等。
模型——从文献出发，建立模型。当然lz也可以自己建个线性模型，考虑旅游的外汇收入和汇率变动，但能否通过检验就不敢保证了。
分析——就模型结构分析经济学意义，即汇率变动对旅游收入的影响。
政策建议——balabala
数据的话可以上中国统计局网上，或者国研网上查看
Ⅵ 汇率方面的英文参考文献 最少来3个 谢谢 ！~！！！
Exchange rate
In finance, the exchange rates (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. For example an exchange rate of 102 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (USD, $) means that JPY 102 is worth the same as USD 1. The foreign exchange market is one of the largest markets in the world. By some estimates, about 2 trillion USD worth of currency changes hands every day.
The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate. The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date.
Quotations
An exchange rate quotation is given by stating the number of units of "term currency" or "price currency" that can be bought in terms of 1 unit currency (also called base currency). For example, in a quotation that says the EURUSD exchange rate is 1.3 (1.3 USD per EUR), the term currency is USD and the base currency is EUR.
There is a market convention that determines which is the base currency and which is the term currency. In most parts of the world, the order is:
EUR - GBP - AUD - USD - *** (where *** is any other currency).
Thus if you are doing a conversion from EUR into AUD, EUR is the base currency, AUD is the term currency and the exchange rate tells you how many Australian dollars you would pay or receive for 1 euro. Cyprus and Malta which were quoted as the base to the USD and *** were recently removed from this list when they joined the euro. In some areas of Europe and in the non-professional market in the UK, EUR and GBP are reversed so that GBP is quoted as the base currency to the euro. In order to determine which is the base currency where both currencies are not listed (i.e. both are ***), market convention is to use the base currency which gives an exchange rate greater than 1.000. This avoids rounding issues and exchange rates being quoted to more than 4 decimal places. There are some exceptions to this rule e.g. the Japanese often quote their currency as the base to other currencies.
Quotes using a country's home currency as the price currency (e.g., EUR 1.00 = $1.45 in the US) are known as direct quotation or price quotation (from that country's perspective) ([1]) and are used by most countries.
Quotes using a country's home currency as the unit currency (e.g., £0.4762 = $1.00 in the US) are known as indirect quotation or quantity quotation and are used in British newspapers and are also common in Australia, New Zealand and the eurozone.
direct quotation: 1 foreign currency unit = x home currency units
indirect quotation: 1 home currency unit = x foreign currency units
Note that, using direct quotation, if the home currency is strengthening (i.e., appreciating, or becoming more valuable) then the exchange rate number decreases. Conversely if the foreign currency is strengthening, the exchange rate number increases and the home currency is depreciating.
When looking at a currency pair such as EURUSD, the first component (EUR in this case) will be called the base currency. The second is called the term currency. For example : EURUSD = 1.33866, means EUR is the base and USD the term, so 1 EUR = 1.33866 USD.
Currency pairs are often incorrectly quoted with a "/" (forward slash). In fact if the slash is inserted, the order of the currencies should be reversed. This gives the exchange rate. e.g. if EUR1 is worth USD1.35, euro is the base currency and dollar is the term currency so the exchange rate is stated EURUSD or USD/EUR. To get the exchange rate divide the USD amount by the euro amount e.g. 1.35/1.00 = 1.35
Market convention from the early 1980s to 2006 was that most currency pairs were quoted to 4 decimal places for spot transactions and up to 6 decimal places for forward outrights or swaps. (The fourth decimal place is usually referred to as a "pip.") An exception to this was exchange rates with a value of less than 1.000 which were usually quoted to 5 or 6 decimal places. Although there is no fixed rule, exchange rates with a value greater than around 20 were usually quoted to 3 decimal places and currencies with a value greater than 80 were quoted to 2 decimal places. Currencies over 5000 were usually quoted with no decimal places (e.g. the former Turkish Lira). e.g. (GBPOMR : 0.765432 - EURUSD : 1.3386 - GBPBEF : 58.234 - EURJPY : 165.29). In other words, quotes are given with 5 digits. Where rates are below 1, quotes frequently include 5 decimal places.
In 2006 Barclays Capital broke with convention by offering spot exchange rates with 5 or 6 decimal places. The contraction of spreads (the difference between the bid and offer rates) arguably necessitated finer pricing and gave the banks the ability to try and win transaction on multibank trading platforms where all banks may otherwise have been quoting the same price. A number of other banks have now followed this.
Free or pegged
Main article: Exchange rate regime
If a currency is free-floating, its exchange rate is allowed to vary against that of other currencies and is determined by the market forces of supply and demand. Exchange rates for such currencies are likely to change almost constantly as quoted on financial markets, mainly by banks, around the world. A movable or adjustable peg system is a system of fixed exchange rates, but with a provision for the devaluation of a currency. For example, between 1994 and 2005, the Chinese yuan renminbi (RMB) was pegged to the United States dollar at RMB 8.2768 to $1. China was not the only country to do this; from the end of World War II until 1966, Western European countries all maintained fixed exchange rates with the US dollar based on the Bretton Woods system. [2]
Nominal and real exchange rates
The nominal exchange rate e is the price in domestic currency of one unit of a foreign currency.
The real exchange rate (RER) is defined as , where P is the domestic price level and P * the foreign price level. P and P * must have the same arbitrary value in some chosen base year. Hence in the base year, RER = e.
The RER is only a theoretical ideal. In practice, there are many foreign currencies and price level values to take into consideration. Correspondingly, the model calculations become increasingly more complex. Furthermore, the model is based on purchasing power parity (PPP), which implies a constant RER. The empirical determination of a constant RER value could never be realised, e to limitations on data collection. PPP would imply that the RER is the rate at which an organization can trade goods and services of one economy (e.g. country) for those of another. For example, if the price of a good increases 10% in the UK, and the Japanese currency simultaneously appreciates 10% against the UK currency, then the price of the good remains constant for someone in Japan. The people in the UK, however, would still have to deal with the 10% increase in domestic prices. It is also worth mentioning that government-enacted tariffs can affect the actual rate of exchange, helping to rece price pressures. PPP appears to hold only in the long term (3–5 years) when prices eventually correct towards parity.
More recent approaches in modelling the RER employ a set of macroeconomic variables, such as relative proctivity and the real interest rate differential.
Bilateral vs effective exchange rate
Bilateral exchange rate involves a currency pair, while effective exchange rate is weighted average of a basket of foreign currencies, and it can be viewed as an overall measure of the country's external competitiveness. A nominal effective exchange rate (NEER) is weighted with trade weights. a real effective exchange rate (REER) adjust NEER by appropriate foreign price level and deflates by the home country price level. Compared to NEER, a GDP weighted effective exchange rate might be more appropriate considering the global investment phenomenon.
Uncovered interest rate parity
See also: Interest rate parity#Uncovered interest rate parity
Uncovered interest rate parity (UIRP) states that an appreciation or depreciation of one currency against another currency might be neutralized by a change in the interest rate differential. If US interest rates exceed Japanese interest rates then the US dollar should depreciate against the Japanese yen by an amount that prevents arbitrage. The future exchange rate is reflected into the forward exchange rate stated today. In our example, the forward exchange rate of the dollar is said to be at a discount because it buys fewer Japanese yen in the forward rate than it does in the spot rate. The yen is said to be at a premium.
UIRP showed no proof of working after 1990s. Contrary to the theory, currencies with high interest rates characteristically appreciated rather than depreciated on the reward of the containment of inflation and a higher-yielding currency.
Balance of payments model
This model holds that a foreign exchange rate must be at its equilibrium level - the rate which proces a stable current account balance. A nation with a trade deficit will experience rection in its foreign exchange reserves which ultimately lowers (depreciates) the value of its currency. The cheaper currency renders the nation's goods (exports) more affordable in the global market place while making imports more expensive. After an intermediate period, imports are forced down and exports rise, thus stabilizing the trade balance and the currency towards equilibrium.
Like PPP, the balance of payments model focuses largely on tradable goods and services, ignoring the increasing role of global capital flows. In other words, money is not only chasing goods and services, but to a larger extent, financial assets such as stocks and bonds. Their flows go into the capital account item of the balance of payments, thus, balancing the deficit in the current account. The increase in capital flows has given rise to the asset market model.
Asset market model
See also: Capital asset pricing model
The explosion in trading of financial assets (stocks and bonds) has reshaped the way analysts and traders look at currencies. Economic variables such as economic growth, inflation and proctivity are no longer the only drivers of currency movements. The proportion of foreign exchange transactions stemming from cross border-trading of financial assets has dwarfed the extent of currency transactions generated from trading in goods and services.
The asset market approach views currencies as asset prices traded in an efficient financial market. Consequently, currencies are increasingly demonstrating a strong correlation with other markets, particularly equities.
Like the stock exchange, money can be made or lost on the foreign exchange market by investors and speculators buying and selling at the right times. Currencies can be traded at spot and foreign exchange options markets. The spot market represents current exchange rates, whereas options are derivatives of exchange rates.
Fluctuations in exchange rates
A market based exchange rate will change whenever the values of either of the two component currencies change. A currency will tend to become more valuable whenever demand for it is greater than the available supply. It will become less valuable whenever demand is less than available supply (this does not mean people no longer want money, it just means they prefer holding their wealth in some other form, possibly another currency).
Increased demand for a currency is e to either an increased transaction demand for money, or an increased speculative demand for money. The transaction demand for money is highly correlated to the country's level of business activity, gross domestic proct (GDP), and employment levels. The more people there are unemployed, the less the public as a whole will spend on goods and services. Central banks typically have little difficulty adjusting the available money supply to accommodate changes in the demand for money e to business transactions.
The speculative demand for money is much harder for a central bank to accommodate but they try to do this by adjusting interest rates. An investor may choose to buy a currency if the return (that is the interest rate) is high enough. The higher a country's interest rates, the greater the demand for that currency. It has been argued that currency speculation can undermine real economic growth, in particular since large currency speculators may deliberately create downward pressure on a currency in order to force that central bank to sell their currency to keep it stable (once this happens, the speculator can buy the currency back from the bank at a lower price, close out their position, and thereby take a profit).
In choosing what type of asset to is officially pegged, synthetic markets have emerged that can behave as if the yuan were floating).
汇率
在经济学上，汇率定义为两国货币之间兑换的比例。通常会将某一国的货币设为基准，以此换算金额价值他国几元的货币。在英文使用方面，有时简写为FX，此为外国货币Foreign Exchange的简写。
通俗的说，是一国货币单位兑换他国货币单位的比率，也可以说是用一国货币表示的另一国货币的价格。
汇率的特性在于它多半是浮动的比率。只要货币能够透过汇率自由交换，依交换量的多寡，就会影响隔天的汇率，因此，有人也以赚汇差营利，今日以较低的比率购进某一外币，隔日等到较高的比率出现时，再转手卖出。
所以有时汇率也能看出一个国家的经济状况。了解外汇也能看出这个国家的出口贸易状况。
交叉汇率
所谓交叉汇率是指两种不同货币之间的价格关系，两个国家之间的货币汇兑是利用各自对美元的汇率套算得出。
举例来看，若一美元可分别兑换0.8112欧元、109.28日圆，则欧元兑日圆的交叉汇率为134.71（= 109.28/0.8112）。
Ⅶ 求人民币汇率论文的相关参考文献
怎么发给你呢？
Ⅷ 有哪本书或者哪篇是研究汇率和服务贸易的关系啊急急急我准备要写论文了可是没有文献综述
综述是可以班忙写的